http://www.rssboard.org/rss-specification 720 http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/search?subject%3Dafrican%20american;smode%3Dadvanced;f1-subject%3DCleveland%20(Ohio)%20--%20Race%20relations. Results for your query: subject=african american;smode=advanced;f1-subject=Cleveland (Ohio) -- Race relations. Tue, 28 Jul 2020 12:00:00 GMT http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS3743.xml Albert Pennybacker was a civil rights activist and pastor of Heights Christian Church in the Cleveland, Ohio, suburb of Shaker Heights. The collection consists of correspondence with civil rights workers and organizations, including the Cleveland Board of Education, the League of Women Voters of Shaker Heights, the Welfare Federation, and Rabbi Arthur J. Lelyveld. Also included are committee minutes and reports, newsletters, newspaper clippings, and news releases of groups including the Citizens' Commission of Shaker Heights, the Cleveland Interfaith Housing Corporation, the Emergency Clergy Committee on Civil Rights, Laymen for Civil Rights, and the Ludlow Community Association. http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS3743.xml Wed, 01 Jan 2014 12:00:00 GMT http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS4668.xml The Businessmen's Interracial Committee on Community Affairs (BICCA) was organized in 1964 in Cleveland, Ohio, at a time of unrest in the community, in order to establish communication and develop understanding between leaders of Cleveland's business and African American communities. The BICCA was a committee of the Greater Cleveland Associated Foundation, which provided funding, services, and facilities. Additional financial support was supplied by local corporations. The collection consists of a report on the beginnings and early activity of the Committee, with copies of relevant articles, correspondence, and subcommittee reports, as well as annual reports. http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS4668.xml Wed, 01 Jan 2014 12:00:00 GMT http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS4370.xml Carl Stokes (1927-1996) was the Mayor of Cleveland, Ohio, from 1967-1971. Stokes was the first African American mayor of a major American city and the first African American Democrat in the Ohio State Legislature, where he served three terms from 1962-1967. As mayor, Stokes launched a number of programs to alleviate the problems of urban decay. Chief among these was Cleveland: NOW!, a joint public and private program with plans to raise $177 million in its first two years to revitalize Cleveland. The program was discredited due to the Glenville Shootout in July, 1968. Under Stokes, Cleveland City Council passed the Equal Employment Opportunity Ordinance, and HUD resumed funding projects aiding in the construction of over 3,000 new low- and middle-income housing units. Stokes became a newscaster with NBC television in 1972, and returned to his law practice in Cleveland in 1980. In 1983, Stokes was elected a municipal court judge. The collection consists of correspondence, memoranda, reports, minutes, and ne... http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS4370.xml Thu, 01 Jan 2015 12:00:00 GMT http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS4114.xml Charles W. White (1897-1970), a lawyer and judge, and his wife Stella, a writer and journalist, were both active in African American rights organizations and civic affairs in Cleveland, Ohio. White had one daughter, Lillian. The collection consists of clippings, correspondence of White and his daughter Lillian, an original manuscript by Stella White, family history and biographical materials, and memorabilia. http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS4114.xml Wed, 01 Jan 2014 12:00:00 GMT http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS3521.xml Charles W. White (1897-1970) was a Cleveland, Ohio, attorney who became Assistant Law Director for Cleveland (1933-1955) and Common Pleas Court judge (1955-1970). He was active in African American rights organizations and civic affairs. The collection consists of correspondence, speeches, newspaper clippings, awards, certificates, legal files, scrapbooks, and other papers, relating to the public and personal life of Judge White and to his activities as a member of the Urban League, NAACP, ACLU, Consumers League, East End Community Center, Karamu House, and Friends of the Cleveland Public Library. http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS3521.xml Wed, 01 Jan 2014 12:00:00 GMT http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS4501.xml Cleveland: NOW! was a multiracial joint public and private program for extensive urban renewal and revitalization in Cleveland, Ohio, created by Mayor Carl B. Stokes following the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. on April 4, 1968. The program planned to raise $1.5 billion over ten years. The first 2-year phase called for spending $177 million for projects in eight areas: neighborhood housing rehabilitation; accelerated urban renewal; the creation of 16,000 jobs; expansion of small business opportunities; city planning; health, welfare, and day care centers; summer recreation programs for youth; and the construction of Camp Cleveland. The program was discredited due to the Glenville Shootout of July 23, 1968, a gun battle between police and members of the Black Nationalists Organization of New Libya who obtained weapons with funds received indirectly from Cleveland: NOW! Stokes and the NOW! trustees were sued in 1970 by 8 policemen wounded in the shootout, but the suit was dismissed in 1977. Altho... http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS4501.xml Wed, 01 Jan 2014 12:00:00 GMT http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS4513.xml Clifford E. Minton was the director of the Industrial Relations Department of the Urban League of Cleveland, Ohio, following World War II. Minton helped to integrate the white collar work force at such companies as Ohio Bell Telephone and the Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company, as well as department stores, bakeries and delivery services. Minton left Cleveland in 1949 and became executive director of the Urban League of Gary, Indiana. The collection consists of correspondence, speeches, reports, and news clippings. The collection pertains primarily to Minton's work with the Urban League of Cleveland and its efforts to eliminate job discrimination and promote black employment after World War II. http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS4513.xml Wed, 01 Jan 2014 12:00:00 GMT http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS4199.xml The Cleveland, Ohio, chapter of the Episcopal Society for Cultural and Racial Unity was the local chapter of a national organization (f. 1961) open to members in communion with the Protestant Episcopal Church. The Cleveland Chapter supported the 1968 presidential campaign of Eugene McCarthy, and the "Poor People's" Campaign with monetary and food contributions, while opposing the Vietnamese War. The collection consists of bylaws, minutes, an address by the Right Reverend John Harris Burt, membership lists, and a membership card file. http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS4199.xml Wed, 01 Jan 2014 12:00:00 GMT http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS3693.xml Fair Housing, Inc., was organized in 1962 in Cleveland, Ohio, as an equal opportunity real estate company. It was dissolved in 1972 and succeeded by Stuart E. Wallace & Company. The collection consists of minutes, financial reports, correspondence, newsletters, pamphlets, brochures, newspaper clippings, and miscellaneous materials. http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS3693.xml Wed, 01 Jan 2014 12:00:00 GMT http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS4788.xml Fair Housing Inc. was a Cleveland, Ohio, licensed real estate brokerage firm incorporated in 1962 as a for-profit business venture. Its primary aim was to establish the principle of non-discrimination in the Greater Cleveland housing market. It assisted persons who had historically been denied housing because of race, religion, or national origin by offering affordable housing; promoting good community relations as a way to stabilize emerging mixed neighborhoods; and encouraging the dissolution of segregation patterns based on race, ethnicity, or religious background. The founding officers included Karl F. Bruch Jr., Dr. Winston Richie, and Russell Adrine. By 1971, federal and state governments had passed open housing legislation, and Fair Housing Inc. was dissolved. The collection consists of board of directors' and stockholders' records, including articles of incorporation, corporate dissolution records, financial records, agendas, correspondence, directors' information forms, committee rosters, memos, pro... http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS4788.xml Wed, 01 Jan 2014 12:00:00 GMT http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS4341.xml Fannie M. Lewis (1926-2008) was an African American activist and Cleveland, Ohio, councilwoman. She was involved in a number of Hough neighborhood improvement programs, including Community Action for Youth, Neighborhood Youth Corps, Model Cities Association, and the Citizen's Participation Organization. She became a city councilwoman from Cleveland's Ward 7 in 1982. The collection consists of personal papers and the records and subject files relating to Lewis' work with the Model Cities Association, Neighborhood Youth Corps, and other community organizations. Included are articles of incorporation, bylaws, trustee minutes, monthly reports, financial records, proposals, correspondence, memoranda, residency lists, posters, and newspaper clippings. The collection is useful to the study of Cleveland community development programs and Fanny Lewis' efforts with these programs. Some materials relate to racism, politics, and local government in Cleveland during the 1960s and 1970s. http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS4341.xml Wed, 01 Jan 2014 12:00:00 GMT http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS4249.xml Frank Lyons (1894-1974) was a lawyer, politician and civic leader active in Cleveland, Ohio's African American community. The collection consists of correspondence dealing with Lyons' law career, political involvement, and personal life, as well as organizational records, political campaign files, appointment books and journals, and legal case materials, including discrimination suits Lyons handled for the Future Outlook League and Robert Woodall. The collection pertains to Lyons' political aspirations and activities in various ward clubs, his community service in such organizations as the Urban League, St. Marks Presbyterian Church, and the Woodland Center Neighborhood House, and his discrimination cases. http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS4249.xml Thu, 01 Jan 2015 12:00:00 GMT http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS4171.xml The Future Outlook League was a Cleveland, Ohio, civil rights organization founded in 1935 by John Oliver Holly to promote employment, mobility, and equality for black youth and young adults in the Central area. Holly, the League's first president, was a political office holder in the area. The idea for the League grew out of dissatisfaction with the achievements of existing Negro organizations concerning employment. The organization appealed to both unskilled and semi-skilled Afro-Americans and was one of the first black organizations in the late 1930s to use picketing and economic boycotts to secure employment for Negroes. Supported primarily by weekly fees assessed to those who obtained jobs through the League, the organization integrated staffs of banks, stores, utilities, and industry. Integration of area neighborhoods was also a concern. The collection consists of minutes, financial materials, subject files, scrapbooks, and membership cards. The collection pertains largely to the establishment of the... http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS4171.xml Sat, 01 Jan 2022 12:00:00 GMT http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS5136.xml George L. Forbes (b. 1931) was arguably the most powerful man in Cleveland, Ohio, politics during the 1970s and 1980s. His position as the President of Cleveland City Council from 1974-1989 was crucial in the relationships he formed with mayors Dennis Kucinich and George Voinovich which were sometimes contentious. He also used this prominent position to promote civil rights and minority-owned businesses. Forbes was born in Memphis, Tennessee, on April 4, 1931, coming to the Cleveland area in the 1950s to earn his degrees from Baldwin Wallace College in 1957 and the Cleveland Marshall College of Law in 1961. A lawyer by profession, Forbes was admitted to both the Ohio and Federal Bars in 1962. In 1963 he was elected to Cleveland City Council, where he served for 27 years. He assisted Carl B. Stokes in his mayoral runs, helped to establish the 21st District Congressional Caucus to improve race relations within the Democratic party, and formed the first African-American law firm in Cleveland. He was also involve... http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS5136.xml Wed, 01 Jan 2014 12:00:00 GMT http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS4539.xml James Adolph Norton was a professor of public administration at various colleges and universities around the country before moving to Cleveland, Ohio, where he served as Director of the Cleveland Foundation, chairman of the Housing Committee of the Urban League of Cleveland, and president of the American Society of Public Administrators in the 1960s. The collection consists of minutes, agendas, reports, correspondence, and publications, regarding activities of the Urban League, particularly work of the Housing Committee. Included is a report issued by the Urban League's Research Department entitled The Negro in Cleveland, 1950-1963, and issues of its two newsletters, Flash, and Stride. http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS4539.xml Wed, 01 Jan 2014 12:00:00 GMT http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS5123.xml James L. Hardiman (b. 1941), was born in Cleveland, Ohio, the son of Sally and Albert Hardiman and a graduate of John Jay High School in the Cleveland Public School System during the 1950s. Hardiman earned a bachelor's degree from Baldwin-Wallace College in 1963 and his Juris Doctorate from Cleveland Marshall College of Law in 1968. Not long after being admitted to the Ohio bar, Hardiman became an attorney for the plaintiffs in the case of Robert Anthony Reed v. James A. Rhodes, which concerned the desegregation of the Cleveland Public Schools and was heard in the United States District Court Northern District of Ohio and United States Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals beginning in 1973 and concluding in 2000. Hardiman's papers regarding Reed v. Rhodes that make up this collection document his role and experiences in the matter. A celebrated civil rights attorney, Hardiman is perhaps most well known for his involvement in this case and other school desegregation initiatives across Ohio and the United States. Wit... http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS5123.xml Wed, 01 Jan 2014 12:00:00 GMT http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS4606.xml Karamu House was founded in 1915 in Cleveland, Ohio, by Russell W. and Rowena Woodham Jelliffe, in conjunction with the Second Presbyterian Church Men's Club, as the Neighborhood Association (later as the Playhouse Settlement), a settlement house promoting interracial activities and cooperation through the performing arts. The Jelliffes saw a need to provide activities and social services for the city's growing African American population, in order to assist in their transition from rural Southern life to an urban setting. The Playhouse Settlement was renamed Karamu Theater in 1927. By 1941, the entire settlement had taken the name Karamu House. The Dumas Dramatic Club was created to support and encourage interest and activities in the performing arts. In 1922, the theater troupe's name was changed to The Gilpin Players in honor of noted African American actor Charles Gilpin. During the 1920s and 1930s, works by many accomplished playwrights were produced at Karamu, including those of Zora Neale Hurston, Euge... http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS4606.xml Thu, 01 Jan 2015 12:00:00 GMT http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS5301.xml Leo Jackson (1920-1996) was an African American attorney and appeals court judge in Cleveland, Ohio. He was a member of Cleveland's city council from 1957-1970 where he represented the Glenville neighborhood and Ward 24. The collection consists of affidavits, agendas, applications, budgets, campaign literature, campaign signs, case files, certificates, charts, correspondence, court documents, expense statements, flyers, forms, journal entries, judicial opinions, lists, magazine articles, magazine clippings, magazines/publications, manuals, maps, meeting minutes, memoranda, newsletters, newspaper articles, newspaper clippings, notes, notices, ordinances, petitions, reports, resolutions, rosters, speeches/statements/remarks, syllabi, thesis, and transcripts. The collection also includes seven audio tapes, four film reels, 37 black and white photographs, and 12 color photographs. http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS5301.xml Thu, 01 Jan 2015 12:00:00 GMT http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS5433.xml George L. Forbes (b. 1931) was arguably the most powerful man in Cleveland politics during the 1970s and 1980s. His position as the President of Cleveland City Council from 1974-1989 was crucial in the relationships he formed with mayors Dennis Kucinich and George Voinovich which were sometimes contentious. He also used this prominent position to promote civil rights and minority-owned businesses. Forbes was born in Memphis, Tennessee, on April 4, 1931, coming to the Cleveland area in the 1950s to earn his degrees from Baldwin Wallace College in 1957 and the Cleveland Marshall College of Law in 1961. A lawyer by profession, Forbes was admitted to both the Ohio and Federal Bars in 1962. In 1963 he was elected to Cleveland City Council, where he served for 27 years. He assisted Carl B. Stokes in his mayoral runs, helped to establish the 21st District Congressional Caucus to improve race relations within the Democratic party, and formed the first African-American law firm in Cleveland. He was also involved in a ... http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS5433.xml Sun, 01 Jan 2023 12:00:00 GMT http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS3520.xml The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is a social and political action organization founded in 1912 as a Cleveland, Ohio, branch of the NAACP. Its purpose is to oppose racial inequalities in civil and political rights. The collection consists of reports, minutes, office files, financial records, newspaper clippings, brochures, pamphlets, broadsides, speeches, news releases and insurance policies. http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS3520.xml Wed, 01 Jan 2014 12:00:00 GMT http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS4475.xml The Cleveland Chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is the northeast Ohio chapter of the national organization devoted to civil and political equality. It was founded in 1912. CThe cllection consists of copies of correspondence with enclosures and branch bulletins, mostly generated by Harry E. Davis. The collection pertains primarily to the formation of the Cleveland Branch and the Cleveland College Chapter of the NAACP as well as the social conditions of Cleveland African Americans in the early 20th century. http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS4475.xml Wed, 01 Jan 2014 12:00:00 GMT http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS4633.xml Operation Black Unity was a coalition of groups and people, founded in 1969, interested in the progress of the African American population of Cleveland, Ohio. Membership consisted of churches, black nationalists, and civil rights groups. The organization was co-chaired by Reverend Donald S. Jacobs, Reverend Jonathan Ealy, and William O. Walker. One of its main projects was securing African American ownership of McDonald's restaurants in the city of Cleveland. The collection consists of minutes, reports, speech texts, correspondence, pamphlets, brochures, press releases, newspaper clippings, and miscellaneous memorabilia. http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS4633.xml Wed, 01 Jan 2014 12:00:00 GMT http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS4243.xml The PACE Association was a citizens' group that worked to improve the quality of education and to promote better race relations in the Greater Cleveland, Ohio, area school systems. It was founded in 1963 and operated until January, 1974. The collection consists of articles of incorporation, a constitution, bylaws, code of regulations, minutes, policy statements, reports, correspondence, memoranda, proposals, financial records, subject files, project files, membership lists, newspaper clippings, scrapbooks, and publications. http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS4243.xml Wed, 01 Jan 2014 12:00:00 GMT http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS4533.xml Reuben and Dorothy Silver were active in Karamu House, a performing arts center and theater, founded in 1915 as an interracial social settlement in Cleveland, Ohio. During their tenure, the Silvers were instrumental in presenting works by African American authors such as Langston Hughes and LeRoi Jones, as well as classics from the American theater. Urban unrest in the community surrounding Karamu and the growing popularity of the Black Arts Movement in the 1960s and 1970s forced a reconsideration of Karamu's goals as they related to interracial theater. During this period, Karamu endured major personnel and financial crises. The collection consists of minutes, reports, correspondence, memoranda, press releases, newspaper clippings, publications, playscripts, schedules, programs, and handbills. Most of the material contained in this collection is concerned with Karamu House and the Silvers' roles there as Theater Director and Theater Assistant from 1955-1976. http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS4533.xml Wed, 01 Jan 2014 12:00:00 GMT http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS4643.xml Reuben and Dorothy Silver were active in Karamu House, a performing arts center and theater, founded in 1915 as an interracial social settlement in Cleveland, Ohio. During their tenure, the Silvers were instrumental in presenting works by African American authors such as Langston Hughes and LeRoi Jones, as well as classics from the American theater. Urban unrest in the community surrounding Karamu and the growing popularity of the Black Arts Movement in the 1960s and 1970s forced a reconsideration of Karamu's goals as they related to interracial theater. During this period, Karamu endured major personnel and financial crises. The collection consists of audition notices, correspondence, index card notes for a dissertation on Karamu House, Karamu House 75th Anniversary materials, a program manuscript, magazines, newsletters, newspaper clippings, obituaries, play reviews, press releases, theater and workshop programs, minutes, reports, cast and crew lists, play posters, program schedules, and memorabilia. http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS4643.xml Wed, 01 Jan 2014 12:00:00 GMT http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS4221.xml Bruce Klunder (1937-1964) was a Presbyterian minister and civil rights activist who worked with various student and community groups in Cleveland, Ohio, including the United Freedom Movement. Klunder was accidentally killed in 1964 by a bulldozer while picketing the Lakeview School construction site in an effort to bring attention to school segregation in the Cleveland Public Schools. The collection consists of clippings, correspondence, newsletters, reports and programs relating to the events surrounding Klunder's death. The collection pertains to Klunder's background, religious convictions, and his fight for human rights for the black community in Cleveland. http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS4221.xml Wed, 01 Jan 2014 12:00:00 GMT http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS4737.xml Russell W. and Rowena Woodham Jelliffe were social workers who in conjunction with the Second Presbyterian Church Men's Club of Cleveland, Ohio, founded the Neighborhood Association, popularly known as the Playhouse Settlement, in 1915. Founded primarily to aid African Americans who had migrated to Cleveland from the rural South, Playhouse Settlement offered the usual social services, but gained note for its dramatic and artistic programs. In 1927 the Jelliffes acquired property which was remodeled as a theater and named the Karamu Theater. In 1941, the Settlement was renamed Karamu House. The Jelliffes shared the directorship of Karamu House until their retirement in 1963, after which they served as trustees of the Karamu Foundation. Russell Jelliffe was also an active member of the Urban League, the Cleveland Community Relations Council on Race Relations, the executive committee of the local branch of the NAACP, and the Board of the Cleveland Council of Human Relations. He was involved with the Group Work C... http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS4737.xml Wed, 01 Jan 2014 12:00:00 GMT http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS4031.xml Russell Howard Davis (1897-1976) was an educator, community activist, historian, and author of the first comprehensive history of African Americans in Cleveland, Ohio. Davis drew from his brother Harry's unfinished manuscript on Blacks in Cleveland and published it in two volumes, Memorable Negroes in Cleveland's Past (1969) and Black Americans in Cleveland (1974). The collection consists of family records and histories, correspondence, organizational records and notes, manuscripts by Davis and other authors, and miscellaneous printed materials and newspaper clippings. http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS4031.xml Wed, 01 Jan 2014 12:00:00 GMT http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS4113.xml Stella G. White (1907-1991) was a freelance journalist and leader in Cleveland, Ohio, mass transit and interracial community relations. She served on the Community Relations Board, the Council on Human Relations, and the Board of the Cleveland Transit System. She was a columnist for the Plain Dealer. The collection consists of certificates, clippings, correspondence, columns, memorabilia, speeches, American Transit Association files, and Cleveland Transit System files. http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS4113.xml Wed, 01 Jan 2014 12:00:00 GMT http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS4638.xml Stella G. White was a free lance journalist, columnist for the Plain Dealer newspaper, and community leader in Cleveland, Ohio. Married first to Judge Charles W. White of Cleveland, she later became the wife of Curtis Lamar Bigham and resided in Dawsonville, Georgia. While in Dawsonville, she was a columnist for The Forum. She was instrumental in the Dawson County, Georgia, courthouse renovation project, and active in the Dawson County Women's Club. The collection consists of resumes, certificates, columns, newspaper clippings, correspondence, military documents, speeches, genealogical materials, book manuscripts, cancer research material, and memorabilia. These papers pertain primarily to White's career as a free lance journalist for the Plain Dealer in Cleveland, Ohio, and as a columnist for The Forum in Dawsonville, Georgia. It also includes some of her other writings. Most of her columns centered around the subject of race relations, housing, legislation, and health care. http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS4638.xml Wed, 01 Jan 2014 12:00:00 GMT http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS5416.xml Carl Stokes, and his brother Louis, were groundbreaking African-American politicians from Cleveland, Ohio. Carl Stokes became the first black mayor of a major U.S. city when elected in 1967. Louis Stokes was the first African-American congressman from Ohio when he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1968, a position he held for 15 consecutive terms. During Carl Stokes' two mayoral terms, city hall jobs were opened to blacks and women, and a number of urban renewal projects initiated. Between 1983 and 1994 Carl Stokes served as municipal judge, and in 1994 was appointed by President Clinton as U.S. Ambassador to the Republic of the Seychelles. Louis Stokes began his career as a civil rights attorney and helped challenge the Ohio redistricting in 1965 that fragmented African-American voting strength. In 1967, Louis Stokes argued before the U.S. Supreme Court in the Terry v. Ohio case, also known as the "stop-and-frisk" case. In the 1970s, Louis Stokes served as chair of the House Select Committe... http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS5416.xml Mon, 01 Jan 2018 12:00:00 GMT http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS4814.xml The United Freedom Movement Freedom Schools was a mass boycott in protest of the racial segregation of Cleveland, Ohio, public schools held on April 20, 1964. The United Freedom Movement of Cleveland directed the school boycott. Students from Cleveland public schools were directed to attend Freedom Schools for one day, held at area churches and with a curriculum consisting of black cultural and civil rights history, art, and music. The collection consists of applications by volunteers to staff schools, curricula, organizational charts, flyers, newspaper clippings, and lists of schools, students, teachers, supervisors, and demonstrators. http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS4814.xml Wed, 01 Jan 2014 12:00:00 GMT http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS3573.xml The Urban League of Cleveland was organized in 1917, in Cleveland, Ohio, as the Negro Welfare Association of Cleveland. It joined the National Urban League in 1930 and changed its name to the Urban League of Cleveland in 1940. Its purpose is interracial planning to help the community devise solutions to social and economic problems. The collection consists of minutes, reports, correspondence, speeches, newspaper clippings, pamphlets, brochures, financial and membership records, and files of Director Ernest Cooper and Deputy-Director Anita Polk. http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS3573.xml Thu, 01 Jan 2015 12:00:00 GMT http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS4206.xml The Urban League of Cleveland was organized in 1917, in Cleveland, Ohio, as the Negro Welfare Association of Cleveland to aid the adjustment of black workers coming to Cleveland during the Great Migration following World War I. Led by Wm. R. Conners for the first 25 years, it joined the National Urban League in 1930 and changed its name to the Urban League of Cleveland in 1940. Formed initially to confront barriers to economic opportunities and find jobs for black workers, by the 1930s the primary goal of the League was the issue of improved housing. Its purpose is interracial planning to help the community devise solutions to social and economic problems. The collection consists of minutes, correspondence, newspaper clippings, reports, contracts, memoranda and other papers relating to the organization's operation, especially Operation Equality, a subdivision of the organization concerned with fair housing issues. This collection is essential for those interested in the issues of race relations and open ho... http://norton.wrhs.org/collections/view?docId=ead/MS4206.xml Wed, 01 Jan 2014 12:00:00 GMT